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Module 2: Child Growth Development

Cognitive Development

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Page 6


During the school-age years, children begin to think using logic and symbols.    

They no longer rely only on what they can see or perceive.  They begin to use logical thinking instead of only perception. In addition, their memory improves and their attention span is longer. They can process and recall information more readily. These improved thinking skills allow them to engage in academic tasks. Their reading, writing, science, and math skills develop continually throughout the school-age years.

The desire to achieve is an important influence on cognitive development during middle childhood.  Achievement is often related to motivation. Some children have an internal desire to work hard and achieve. Others are motivated by the prospect of rewards or recognition. Whether the desire to succeed comes from within the child or externally, the motivation to do well influences performance.

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Attention and Memory 

Critical to cognitive development is attention and memory. Memory becomes more controlled than during early childhood. The child’s age, motivation, health, and attitude determine the effectiveness of memory. Attention also improves.  Children now have the ability to ignore unnecessary  information.  They are able to focus their attention on the important aspects of a task.  They can scan detailed tasks and decide what must be done first.  These changes allow thinking skills to become more refined. School-age children are better at processing information.  As a result, they are better problem solvers.

There are changes in reasoning and thinking during the school-age years. Gradually, school-age children change the way they process information. During the preschool years, children relied totally on what they saw or perceived. Sometimes their perceptions were flawed. Now their perceptions are more accurate because they begin to use logical thinking. An operation is defined as the manipulation of ideas based on logic rather than perception. Between seven and eight years of age, children enter the stage of concrete operations. This means they use logic, but it is based on what they have experienced or seen.

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